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Second Chapter: Legal dispositions


National Law:

Following the implementation of the Supplementary Protocol to Prevent, Supress
and Punish the Trafficking in Persons especially Women and Children the
Justice system applies not only the Penal Law 1977 amendment 2000 but also
other existing laws such as the Law for Combating Criminal Organizations and
the Prohibition on Money Laudering Law ( see those laws at the end of the
coming paragraph.

Existing laws:

Penal Law 1977 amendment 2000

Informal translation by attorney Rachel Gershony - legal advisor in the Ministry of Justice
of the paragraphs Trafficking in persons for prostitution purposes in the penal law:

Main paragraphs:

203A

"(a) Selling or purchasing of a person in order to engage him in prostitution or serving as a
middleman in the selling or purchasing of a person for this purpose is punishable by a term of
imprisonment of 16 years; for the purposes of this paragraph, "selling" or "purchasing" includes
consideration in the form of money, value, services or any other interests"

(b) "Causing a person to leave the state in which he lives in order to engage in prostitution, is
punishable by a term of imprisonment of 10 years."

203B

(a) If an offence according to paragraphs 199 ( pimping), 201 ( causing a person to commit an act
of prostitution), 202 ( causing a person to engage in prostitution), 203 ( causing a person to
commit an act of prostitution or engage in prostitution under aggravating circumstances) or 203A
(trafficking for the purpose of engaging in prostitution) is committed with a minor of the age of
14 or over, it is punishable by:

(1) If the offence is punishable by a 5 year prison term - 7 years of imprisonment;
(2) If the offence is punishable by a 7 year prison term - 10 years of imprisonment;
(3) If the offence is punishable by a 10 year prison term - 15 years of imprisonment;
(4) If the offence is punishable by a 16 year prison term - 20 years of imprisonment;
(b) If an offence according to the above paragraphs (see (a)) is committed with a minor under the
age of 14 or by a person responsible for a minor who has reached the age of 14, it is punishable by
double the regular punishment, but no more than 20 years of imprisonment.

(c) In this paragraph, " a person responsible for a minor" - as defined in paragraph 368a of the
criminal law.

203C

Receipt of a service rendered by an act of prostitution of a minor is punishable by a term of
imprisonment of 3 years.

203D

The burden of proof regarding a claim of ignorance as to the age of the person connected to an
offence under this section - rests on the person who so claims. This paragraph does not apply to a
crime according to paragraph 214(b3) (Possession of a pornographic publication, which includes the
picture of a minor even if the possessor has acted in good faith and by chance).

New amendments to the Penal Law 1977 that passed in 2003:


The following criminal laws are used for TIP offences:

Prohibition on Money Laundering law 5760-2000

Combating Criminal Organizations law 5763-2003

For further details of these laws see the link below:
http://www.justice.gov.il/MOJEng/HalbanatHon/Legislation/

Legislation for the Protection of Children from Commercial
Sexual Exploitation (since 1998)


Following the Stockholm Conference's Declaration and the "Stockholm Agenda for Action" in 1996,
the State of Israel has taken a number of legislative steps in order to expand and diversify the
legal instruments at the disposal of State authorities in its fight against the commercial sexual
exploitation of children.

Following is recapitulation of the changes made to the relevant parts of the Criminal Act of 1977
and the Law on the Rights of Victims of Crimes.

1. Changes in the Criminal Law : see above 203B,203C,203D


The general attitude of the State of Israel is to refrain from interfering in the consensual
activities of adults and therefore, there exists no ban on receiving services from a prostitute
unless such an activity involves violence or the exploitation of a person's weaknesses. Relating
to minors, the legislator sees itself as having all rights to interfere so as to protect minors
against all those who might prevent their proper development.

It is considered a crime to publish or transmit information concerning the provision of
prostitution services by minors. This prohibition concerns all such services, whether in Israel or
outside of Israel, and whether or not it is specified that the provider of services is a minor. The
purpose of this provision is - amongst others - to fights against the phenomenon of sexual tourism.
(art. 205)

It is an offense to be involved in any way in the publication (including the dissemination,
distribution, production, etc.) of pornographic material, which involves a child, including
artificial image of a child- the perpetrator is liable for up to 7 years imprisonment.

Furthermore, it is an offense to have in one's possession any type of pornographic material
involving minors - the perpetrator is liable for up to 1 year imprisonment.

As mentioned above, in the name of the defense of minors the provision goes as far as forbidding
the private possession and use of pornographic material involving minors but does not punish chance
or bona fides possession of such material. (art. 214)

All of the above crimes carry an obligation to report, when the perpetrator of the crime is
directly responsible for the minor. According to this obligation, anyone that has reasonable
ground to think that a crime has been committed involving a minor must report to welfare services
or the police. Failing to report as expected above makes one liable to 3 months imprisonment.

Public persons also carry the obligation to report a crime involving minor when the activity
takes place in the near past.

All those to whom information relating to the exploitation of minors is provided within the
context of their professional occupation (such as doctors, educational professionals, psychologists,
police officers, etc.) bear the obligation of reporting the aforementioned information - as soon as
possible - to welfare service or the police. Failing to report as expected above makes one liable
to 6 months imprisonment.

The reporting is aimed not only for prevention but also for the treatment and the rehabilitation
of the victims by the health and social services. (art. 368d(h))

Following the recommendations of the Stockholm Convention, the condition of "double criminality"
was qualified so that the crime of prostitution or pornography involving minors can be prosecuted
in Israel even if such an act is not considered criminal in the country in which it was committed.
The Israeli courts have extraterritorial jurisdiction over citizens and inhabitants of Israel who
commit offences of commercial sexual and pornography exploitation abroad. (art. 15)


2. Changes in the Rules of Evidence


In Israel there is a special procedure for the testimony of children up to the age of 14. The goal
of this procedure is to give maximum protection to children who were victims of severe crimes.
A special interrogator who went through psychological training interrogates these children. The
interrogation is recorded by a video camera in case the interrogator decides the child is incapable
of testifying. In such a case the recording is submitted to the court instead of the live testimony
of the child. If the child does end up testifying, he can do so under special conditions, such as:
Testifying without the presence of the accused, testifying outside the courtroom (in such a case the
testimony is broadcast to the courtroom on a closed circuit television), etc.


Directives:

Directives of the Public Prosecution:

Since 1994 the Public Prosecution has published directives regarding the cases in which a penal file
will be opened concerning felonies connected with prostitution and places used for the purpose
of prostitution (Prosecution Directives 2.2):

These directives were changed and replaced by new directives in January 2002. As can be seen
the new directive treats specifically cases of trafficking in women and its purpose is to
initiate direction and a guideline for the Prosecution and the police that work with this
issue. The directive deals with the different stages of the trafficking felony - from the
stage of the investigation of the felony, through the stage of the testimony of the victims
including the stage of requests from the court to rule indemnity for the victims regarding
the suffering and harm caused to them. The directives of 1994 can still be found though in
article 5 of the new directive and are source fro confusion.

Following the translation of the Directives:

2.2 Investigation and prosecution policy in felonies of prostitution and trafficking in persons
for prostitution purposes:

  1. Managing massage parlors and escort agencies' as a cover for prostitution is a
    widespread phenomenon. More often than not, in the frame of operating a massage parlor,
    felonies of the worst kind are done, such as trafficking in human beings, drug trafficking,
    extortion, money laundering etc. Our aim is to abolish these phenomena that the industry of
    prostitution promotes, on the grounds of the acknowledgement of human dignity and based on
    the founding principles of the Israeli legal system. Nothing that is said in this directive
    will diminish our aim and purpose to abolish the entire phenomenon of prostitution -
    phenomenon which is in itself a harm to human dignity of the woman - and even if this
    mission will take long years we are urging to obtain it.

  2. The increase of crime in the area of trafficking in women and turning Israel into a destination
    country for trafficking in women demands special notice to the implementation of the law in this
    area. For this reason the legislator added the article 203 a in the penal code, 1977 that is
    forbidding specifically the trafficking of human beings for prostitution purposes.

  3. That is why, while deciding to investigate and to prosecute in this field it is elementary to
    check and relate to the cases where there is suspicion of a trafficking felony, in addition to
    felonies that are linked to prostitution.

  4. Investigation regarding a felony of "trafficking in human beings for the purpose of prostitution"
    will be opened with special attention to the following points:

    a. When in the place of prostitution there are women that are not Israeli residents -
    a complete check of their stay in Israel should be conducted, including the fact that
    they have the passports in their possession, that the passports are not forged and the way
    the women entered Israel.

    b. The consent of the women to prostitute shall be irrelevant in view of the rational
    behind the prohibition of trafficking in persons (see Ruling Rabinai vs. State of Israel,
    not yet published)

    c. When there is suspicion that the women entered Israel by means of trafficking , the
    managers of the place should be interrogated as suspects, and also every one of the
    workers of this place who is involved in the felony or who could contribute to the
    investigation, in addition to the felony of managing and keeping a place for
    prostitution purposes.

    d. The felony of trafficking does not prevent to take into account other felonies
    (such as rape, internment, passport withholding, money laundering etc.), that should be
    investigated if necessary.

    e. When the status of the women is that of illegal residence, the women should be taken
    away immediately from the place where they were held by the perpetrators, their identity
    and their place of origin should be checked in order to send them back to their country
    of origin. During the identification process the women will be held according to the
    procedures of the police and the Interior Ministry, while any contact with their
    perpetrators will be prohibited.

    f. In regards with the severity of the felony the Prosecution will issue a detention
    order of all the suspects until the end of the investigation process ( see SH.P. 1524/01,
    State of Israel vs. Akerman , not published yet )

    g. At the same time the Prosecution will act for an early testimony process of the
    women to enable their expulsion to their countries of origin after giving testimony.

    h. It should be noted that very often the representation of the women in court is
    financed by the perpetrators and the suspects in the Trafficking felony. In the proper
    cases, after consulting the district prosecutor and with his directives, the attention
    of the court should be addresses to this fact.

    i. With attention to the circumstances of the case, in files that are connected
    with trafficking in women, it is necessary to present a request to the court
    according to article 77 of the Penal Code 1977 so that when the suspect is convicted,
    the court will order him to pay the victim of the felony indemnities for the damages
    and sufferings caused to her. In parallel article 78 of the penal code stipulates
    that the charge of indemnity has the same status as a sentence and when this sentence
    is appealed there is a possibility to include appeal on the charge of indemnity.
    Therefore due to the complexity of trafficking files and due to the fact that the
    plaintiffs are in most of the cases illegal residents, who will be sent back to
    their countries of origin as soon as possible it is important to stress to the
    plaintiffs that there is possibility that the sentence will be appealed and
    therefore their right to indemnities is not absolute until the sentence is declared
    definite and they should take into consideration the fact that they will be requested
    to reimburse the indemnities if the appeal is granted. In this respect please see the
    letter of the General attorney to the District Attorneys dated 27 June 2001.
    On 27 June 2001 the General Attorney also wrote to Attorney Jehudith Karp, the Deputy
    Legal Advisor to the Government (Special projects) asking that she will examine the
    possibility of a legislative amendment concerning the construction of a mechanism
    that will allow to retain the indemnities in the name of the plaintiffs until the
    sentence is declared definite and that will ensure that the plaintive will receive
    the money when the sentence is declared definite.

    j. The coping with the phenomenon of trafficking in women in the penal level is
    punitive and preventive. Therefore, when there is a reason beyond doubt to believe that
    there was a felony of trafficking in human beings, and when objects and money linked to the
    felony or resulting of it are found during a search in the place where the felony was
    committed, it is suitable to examine, in accordance with the circumstances of the file,
    the possibility to activate the authority of the police to seize according to article 32
    of the penal code ( Detention and Searching)1969 and request from the court to issue
    an order to confiscate the possessions according to article 39 of this code. When money
    linked to the felony is seized as they raise the suspicion of tax evasion it should be
    notified to the tax authorities.

  5. When the information in the hands of the police is not indicating the possibility of trafficking in
    women there is place to open an investigation according to the circumstances and gravity of the
    affair and especially if there is a suspicion that one of the following occurs:
    5.1 Cases in which minors are involves actively or in any other way.

    5.2 Cases in which there are aggravated circumstances (coercion, blackmail or violence)
    aggravated exploitation of the prostituted persons by the employers, and especially
    employers using means of coercion, blackmail and violence against those employed by them
    in prostitution. That is whenever it is clear that in addition to the employment in
    prostitution other felonies are exercised against the employed prostitutes that their
    purpose is to force the continuation of the activity of prostitution while exploiting
    the employed.

    5.3 Cases in which in the place used for prostitution exists additional criminal activity such as
    trafficking in drugs.

    5.4 Cases in which the place used for prostitution consists a nuisance for the neighbors.
Also in these cases it is necessary to activate seizure of the possessions that are linked to the
felony as written in article 4j above and to report this to the Tax authorities.

It is important to note that these directives are implemented through training and formation
sessions of the prosecutors - To raise the awareness among these professionals will take time.



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Contents | Introduction | Chapter: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Annex
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